In this blog posts lets discuss about using magic methods/special methods in python development
class Address(object): def __init__(self, city, pin): self.city = city self.pin = pin
a = Address("hyderabad", "500082")
before creating the instance of the class "__new__" method will be called. This method takes parameter "class", "args", "kwargs" and It will bind the data type to given class. After it will call the "__init__" method with arguments and keyword arguments.
>>> a = Address.__new__(Address) >>> type(a) __main__.Address>>> a.city AttributeError: 'Address' object has no attribute 'city' # object created but not initialised that's the reason we get error >>> a.__init__("hyderabad", "500082") # now we can access the attributes >>> a.city 'hyderabad'
we can cosider bilt-in methods of an object as magic methods. We can also override the built-in methods functionality.
Binary Operators Operator Method + object.__add__(self, other) - object.__sub__(self, other) * object.__mul__(self, other) // object.__floordiv__(self, other) / object.__div__(self, other) % object.__mod__(self, other) ** object.__pow__(self, other[, modulo]) << object.__lshift__(self, other) >> object.__rshift__(self, other) & object.__and__(self, other) ^ object.__xor__(self, other) | object.__or__(self, other) Assignment Operators: Operator Method += object.__iadd__(self, other) -= object.__isub__(self, other) *= object.__imul__(self, other) /= object.__idiv__(self, other) //= object.__ifloordiv__(self, other) %= object.__imod__(self, other) **= object.__ipow__(self, other[, modulo]) <<= object.__ilshift__(self, other) >>= object.__irshift__(self, other) &= object.__iand__(self, other) ^= object.__ixor__(self, other) |= object.__ior__(self, other) Unary Operators: Operator Method - object.__neg__(self) + object.__pos__(self) abs() object.__abs__(self) ~ object.__invert__(self) complex() object.__complex__(self) int() object.__int__(self) long() object.__long__(self) float() object.__float__(self) oct() object.__oct__(self) hex() object.__hex__(self) Comparison Operators Operator Method < object.__lt__(self, other) <= object.__le__(self, other) == object.__eq__(self, other) != object.__ne__(self, other) >= object.__ge__(self, other) > object.__gt__(self, other)
Let's take an example to override the functionality "+" [__add__] operator
class Vector(object): def __init__(self, *args): """ Create a vector, example: v = Vector(1,2) """ if len(args) == 0: self.values = (0,0) else: self.values = args def __add__(self, other): """ Returns the vector addition of self and other """ added = tuple(a + b for a, b in zip(self.values, other.values) ) return Vector(*added)
now use the "+" operator with two vectors
>>> v1 = Vector(1, 2) >>> v2 = Vector(10, 13) >>> v3 = v1 + v2 >>> v3.values (11, 15)
When statement "v3 = v1 + v2 " executes "__add__" is called and it returns a new Vector object.
for more information please visit the python docs
Micropyramid is a software development and cloud consulting partner for enterprise businesses across the world. We work on python, Django, Salesforce, Angular, Reactjs, React Native, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Docker, Linux, Ansible, git, amazon web services. We are Amazon and salesforce consulting partner with 5 years of cloud architect experience. We develop e-commerce, retail, banking, machine learning, CMS, CRM web and mobile applications.
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